Orioles win at Fenway for 7th straight time

Associated Press Sports

updated 10:16 p.m. ET June 6, 2012

BOSTON (AP) - Baltimore manager Buck Showalter decided it was time to let Wei-Yin Chen handle things on his own a little more.

The rookie left-hander passed the test.

Chen scattered seven hits over seven innings and the Orioles set a franchise record with their seventh straight victory in Boston, beating the Red Sox 2-1 on Wednesday night.

Chen's most important inning was the seventh, when Boston had runners on second and third after a pair of singles and a sacrifice. He struck out Marlon Byrd and got Mike Aviles to pop up to short right, escaping the jam.

"He'd pitched too effectively not to let him decide his own fate," Showalter said.

Chen, the first Taiwanese-born player in Orioles history, is slowly building a nice season. He understood the faith his manager showed.

"I really appreciate that Buck trusted me," Chen said through a translator. "That's the key point."

And the Orioles, who moved into sole possession of first place in the AL East, made another point that they're proving to be trouble for the Red Sox again this season.

The Orioles, who knocked Boston out of the postseason on the final night of the regular season last year, have won 12 of the past 15 meetings. They are 5-0 at Fenway Park this season.

Endy Chavez, who had three hits in a series-opening win Tuesday, drove in the go-ahead run with a grounder in the sixth. Boston has lost three straight for the first time since early May.

"Everybody's doing a little part for the team," Chavez said. "As a team, we are playing pretty good even though we have a lot of injuries. We're playing good. We're focused and we're fighting and all together. That's very important."

Chen (5-2) was coming off the worst start of his first major league season, when he allowed five first-inning runs Friday in a loss to Tampa Bay. This time he struck out four, didn't walk anyone and stranded six runners.

Josh Beckett (4-6) was the tough-luck loser, allowing two runs, five hits and striking out five in eight innings. It was the fifth consecutive start he's pitched at least seven innings.

"I learned a lot from him tonight," Chen said of going against Beckett. "I haven't had a win in a long time. It was a relief to me."

Chen went 0-2 with a no-decision in his previous three starts.

Aviles thought Boston's best shot came in the seventh.

"Yeah, that's exactly what it came down to. Their pitchers basically outpitched our hitters," he said. "It was a great-pitched ballgame all around. Josh pitched unbelievably well and he definitely deserved to win and unfortunately we weren't able to back him up with the bats."

Beckett declined to talk to reporters.

Jim Johnson, who had his first blown save of the season Tuesday after converting 25 straight chances dating to last year, got three outs for his 18th save. The first batter he retired was Jarrod Saltalamacchia, who hit a tying, two-run homer one night earlier.

Trailing 1-0 and with just a single in the first five innings, the Orioles opened the sixth with three consecutive hits and took the lead with two runs. Robert Andino had an RBI single after Wilson Betemit and Ryan Flaherty singled. Chavez's fielder's choice made it 2-1.

The Red Sox grabbed a 1-0 lead in the third when Darnell McDonald doubled off the Green Monster, advanced on Marlon Byrd's single and scored on Mike Aviles' sacrifice fly.

Chen allowed hits in every inning except the first, but kept the damage to a minimum.

With help from third baseman Will Middlebrooks, who made a diving grab of Mark Reynolds' second-inning liner, Beckett retired the first nine batters on 29 pitches, fanning three.

Beckett faced the minimum and held the Orioles to one runner through the first five innings - Chavez's single leading off the fourth. Chavez was erased when J.J. Hardy bounced into a double play.

NOTES: The Orioles signed 49-year-old LHP Jamie Moyer to a minor league deal and assigned him to Triple-A Norfolk. He is expected to start Saturday against Buffalo. Showalter said Moyer will get "two or three starts down there and we'll see what happens." Moyer became the oldest pitcher to win as a starter when he earned a victory with Colorado in April. ... Red Sox manager Bobby Valentine said RHP Daisuke Matsuzaka will start Saturday against Washington, one day before the one-year anniversary of his Tommy John surgery. Matsuzaka made eight rehab starts and is taking the spot of Daniel Bard, sent to Triple-A Pawtucket on Tuesday. Bard, a converted reliever, is 5-6 with a 5.24 ERA. ... The Orioles selected Cal Ripken Jr.'s son, Ryan, in the 20th round of the draft. "That was pretty cool," Showalter said. "This kid's got a chance to be a player. He's an outstanding prospect." The 6-foot-6 Ryan Ripken played at the Gilmon School in Baltimore. ... Showalter also said he heard 2B Brian Roberts, attempting to come back from a concussion sustained more than a year ago, "looked good. He's moving around and playing good defense." Roberts is playing in the minors.

? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Orioles win at Fenway for 7th straight time

BOSTON (AP) - Wei-Yin Chen scattered seven hits over seven innings and the Baltimore Orioles set a franchise record with their seventh straight victory in Boston, beating the Red Sox 2-1 on Wednesday night.

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Obama airspace scare: F-16 intercepts small plane

By NBC News and msnbc.com news services

An F-16 fighter jet intercepted a small private plane after it entered airspace that had been restricted because of a visit by President Barack Obama to Los Angeles on Wednesday night, defense officials told NBC News.

The single-engine Cessna 117 was intercepted northwest of Los Angeles shortly before 5 p.m. PT (8 p.m. ET) and escorted to a landing at a small nearby airfield where it was met by law enforcement officers, according to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).


Local airspace had been cleared while Obama?attended a fundraiser at the Regent Beverly Wilshire held by gay and lesbian supporters.?

The Associated Press reported that the airfield was in Camarillo, citing a Federal Aviation Administration spokesman.

The AP said there have have been similar incidents when Obama visited Los Angeles in the past. In May, a pilot mistakenly flew into restricted airspace as the president was about to leave the city from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).

A similar scenario played out during Obama's February visit, when F-16 jets intercepted a plane that entered the airspace of Obama's helicopter, Marine One.?That plane was forced to land at Long Beach Airport, where police said they found about 40 pounds of marijuana during a search of the Cessna, and the pilot was arrested.?

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

More content from msnbc.com and NBC News:

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China tells US to stop tweets on Beijing's bad air

FILE - In this Jan. 10, 2012 file photo, a man rides an electric bike crossing a street shrouded by haze in Beijing. A senior Chinese environmental official told foreign embassies on Tuesday, June 5, 2012 to stop publishing their own reports on air quality in China, a clear reference to a popular U.S. Embassy Twitter feed that tracks pollution in smoggy Beijing. (AP Photo/Andy Wong, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 10, 2012 file photo, a man rides an electric bike crossing a street shrouded by haze in Beijing. A senior Chinese environmental official told foreign embassies on Tuesday, June 5, 2012 to stop publishing their own reports on air quality in China, a clear reference to a popular U.S. Embassy Twitter feed that tracks pollution in smoggy Beijing. (AP Photo/Andy Wong, File)

(AP) ? China told foreign embassies Tuesday to stop publishing their own reports on air quality in the country, escalating its objections to a popular U.S. Embassy Twitter feed that tracks pollution in smoggy Beijing.

Only the Chinese government is authorized to monitor and publish air quality information and data from other sources may not be standardized or rigorous, Wu Xiaoqing, a vice environmental minister, told reporters.

China has long taken issue with the U.S. Embassy's postings of hourly readings of Beijing's air quality on a Twitter feed with more than 19,000 followers since 2008. But its past objections were raised quietly. U.S. consulates in Shanghai and Guangzhou also post readings of the cities' air quality on Twitter.

The Twitter feeds were operating normally Tuesday, and an embassy spokesman in Beijing said the air quality reports were meant to inform Americans living in the three Chinese cities.

The air quality readings in Beijing are based on a single monitoring station within embassy grounds, and pollution levels are rated according to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard that is more stringent than the one used by the Chinese government.

For instance, the U.S. Embassy on Tuesday reported 47 micrograms of fine particulate matter ? particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in size, or about 1/30th the width of an average human hair ? in the air and said the level was "unhealthy for sensitive groups." Readings from Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau's 27 monitoring stations ranged between 51 to 79 micrograms but categorized all those levels as "good."

The Beijing government only began reporting PM2.5 earlier this year after long-standing public and international criticism of its lack of transparency about its air quality.

The government appears frustrated that there are now dueling readings for air quality and that the U.S. readings underscore the fact that pollution levels considered unhealthy in the U.S. are classified as good by China.

Wu said it isn't fair to judge Chinese air by American standards because China is a developing country and noted that U.S. environmental guidelines have become more stringent over time.

The standard China uses "takes into account the level of our current stage of development," Wu said.

Wu also said that air quality monitoring by foreign diplomats was inconsistent with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and urged diplomats to abide by China's laws and regulations.

It is unclear if other nations monitor and publicize their readings of air quality in Chinese cities, but local Chinese have used the U.S. readings to prod their government into publishing more detailed pollution data.

Later, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Weimin echoed Wu's remarks, saying at a regular press briefing that China objected to the publicity rather than the gathering of the environmental data.

"Of course, if the foreign embassies want to collect air quality information for their own staff or diplomats, I think that is their own matter, but we believe that this type of information should not released to the public," Liu said.

The top environmental official in Shanghai over the weekend also spoke out on the issue, telling local media that an air quality feed launched last month by the U.S. consulate in Shanghai was illegal.

The U.S. Embassy said the air quality monitor in Shanghai measures the air quality in the area around the consulate's office. "The monitor is an unofficial resource for the health of the consulate community," said Richard Buangan, embassy spokesman in Beijing.

China requires concentrations of PM2.5 to be kept below daily averages of 75 micrograms per cubic meter ? more than twice as lenient as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standard of 35 micrograms.

PM2.5 are believed to be a health risk because they can lodge deeply in the lungs, and have been linked to increased cardiovascular and respiratory diseases as well as lung cancer.

___

Associated Press writer Gillian Wong contributed to this report.

___

Online:

U.S. Embassy Beijing air quality monitor: https://twitter.com/(hashtag)!/BeijingAir

U.S. Consulate Guangzhou air quality monitor: https://twitter.com/(hashtag)!/Guangzhou_Air

U.S. Consulate Shanghai air quality monitor: https://twitter.com/(hashtag)!/cgshanghaiair

Associated Press

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'Perks Of Being A Wallflower': Meet The Cast

You'll be hearing a lot more about the film's young actors, including Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Ezra Miller.
By Kara Warner


Ezra Miller, Emma Watson and Logan Lerman at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards
Photo: Jeff Kravitz/ WireImage

Given all the star power that assembled in one place on Sunday, there are still many stories to be told from the 2012 MTV Movie Awards. One of the storylines that continues to pique curiosity is the overwhelmingly well-received coming-out party for "Perks of Being a Wallflower," including its trailer debut and the first appearance of the cast.

We thought we'd keep things rolling along and offer up a little primer on the film's shining stars. Here's a list of actors to watch out for:

Logan Lerman
Why you recognize him: Lerman has been around for quite some time, by Hollywood standards. He started out as a child actor with a big-screen debut alongside Mel Gibson and Heath Ledger in 2000's "The Patriot," followed by a memorable role in "3:10 to Yuma," and he most recently starred in the fantasy epic "Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief."

Why you'll love him in "Perks": Logan carries the film as the main character and titular "Wallflower," and he does so with such sincere, willful and calculated acting aplomb that we'll be seeing him playing many more complex characters in the future.

Ezra Miller
Why you recognize him: Miller turned heads and quite frankly creeped a lot of people out with his stirring performance in last year's unsettling indie "We Need to Talk About Kevin." On the opposite end of the spectrum, he also has a recurring role on USA's hit "Royal Pains," on which he often steals scenes as the charming hemophiliac rich kid Tucker Bryant.

Why you'll love him in "Perks": Without giving away any spoilers, Miller's performance might very well receive the most attention when the film comes out. As free-spirited, fun-loving, bighearted Patrick, Miller's wonderfully layered portrayal makes you want to be Patrick's best friend forever.

Emma Watson
Why you recognize her: She played everyone's favorite smarty-pants wizard Hermione Granger in eight "Harry Potter" movies.

Why you'll love her in "Perks": Aside from the general excitement in seeing Watson expanding her horizons beyond "Potter," the likable, polished British actress plays the best kind of love interest: She is kind, lovely, fun, smart and, most important, she is flawed and realistic.

Johnny Simmons
Why you recognize him: He's had a series of supporting roles in films like "21 Jump Street," "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World," "Jennifer's Body" and "Hotel for Dogs."

Why you'll love him in "Perks": Well, you might not love him, but that's because he plays confused, conflicted quarterback Brad who is having a hard time dealing with his sexuality and militant, conservative father.

Mae Whitman
Why you recognize her: Because she is an all-around awesome scene-stealer and has been keeping busy since she was a child actor starring opposite Will Smith in "Independence Day" and George Clooney in "One Fine Day." Not to mention her underappreciated work in "Arrested Development" and "In Treatment" and voicing lead characters in "Avatar: The Last Airbender" and "Tinkerbell."

Why you'll love her in "Perks": Because she plays Mary Elizabeth, a character we all knew and love/hated in high school. Whitman's Mary Elizabeth is entertaining because she is loudmouthed, opinionated, obsessed with taking up causes and feminism, but then turns into a stereotypical emotional teenage girl when she lands her first boyfriend.

Nina Dobrev
Why you recognize her: She plays Elena and Katherine on CW's insanely popular nighttime soap, "The Vampire Diaries."

Why you'll love her in "Perks": Dobrev's role is a supporting (but very important) one, as Charlie's older sister Candace. Candace provides another perspective on what exactly makes Charlie so "different," and although she is also flawed and somewhat distant, she is there for Charlie when he needs her most.

Jaw-dropping, heart-pounding, gut-busting moments galore. See what went down at the 21st annual MTV Movie Awards!

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Just What is Attachment Parenting? : Ideas for Women Home and ...

Attachment Parenting is everywhere but what is it exactly? If you are like me and in the dark no worries, I did all the research for you (or at least most of it.) I could very technical and tell you that attachment parenting is a philosophy that is? based on principles of attachment theory.? The whole idea is that children form a strong emotional bond with parents during childhood with lifelong consequences.

Attachment Parenting is simply where you bond with your child through breastfeeding, sharing a bed, and taking cues from your baby as to their needs. The breastfeeding and sharing a bed is usually long-term Many of the mothers that believe in and practice Attachment Parenting will tell you all of the benefits such as a much closer bond with their child. I have read where some parents believe it leads to a mutual shaping of behavior and personality.

On the other side of the coin is the parents who think that the Attachment Parents are a bit strange. They will list all the cons such as it is not recommended that you share a bed with your baby because it increases their risk for SIDS. I could go on and on but in the end it is really up to the mother.

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Why Investing In Retirement Gold Is The Right Retirement Plan ...

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These days, it?s going to be essential to search for the right investing choices when it is about retirement. There are these questions like which is the right option to consider? Should money savings be used for retirement also? Is gold really worth making an investment in for retirement? What type of gold? Is gold bullion the best choice? Or should it just be gold ETFs? Does a modest amount of money work for investing in gold bullion? Or should millions be spent into the gold retirement program?

There?s also the question whether making an investment in retirement gold is suitable for everyone. Can a person really afford to make an investment in gold? Is this likely to be the perfect investing option a person could choose?

These are likely to be essential to think about today since investing for future years can be challenging.

It is smart to consider making an investment in gold bullion within an IRA due to the fact that it can help many individuals to safeguard themselves and their money against economic factors like taxes and the rising cost of living. Looking into investing in gold could be important since they can be a huge investment which pays off in the future. The prices for gold could go up well in the next couple of years. This is certainly one of the rarest metals in the world these days. But it is also an excellent investment plan for retirement. It is deemed very valuable and can let you safeguard your future and your family?s future.

Most people nowadays will not think about gold in a retirement plan. Nevertheless, retirement gold is going to become one of the best options since it is going to be a practical asset. Remember, retirement is going to be the future and everybody will need to think about how they can create better options for them to have something to fall back to. This can help to have a more guaranteed future.

The prices of gold will vary from time to time. Sometimes, gold will be worth some money and on other occasions it will be worth 10 times as much as what was paid for it. Once the rates are great to purchase gold, it will be good to look into this investment choice. However, it?s the same with regards to selling the gold later on since the prices will probably be much better than at other times. One thing is important to understand, gold is really a worthy investment choice for the future particularly for retirement. Gold can even afford you your early retirement!

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Wiring the brain, through experience

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Peter Reuell
preuell@fas.harvard.edu
617-496-8070
Harvard University

Research shows mice brains are 'very wired up' at birth, and suggests experience selects which connections to keep

Ask the average person the street how the brain develops, and they'll likely tell you that the brain's wiring is built as newborns first begin to experience the world. With more experience, those connections are strengthened, and new branches are built as they learn and grow.

A new study conducted in a Harvard lab, however, suggests that just the opposite is true.

As reported on June 7 in the journal Neuron, a team of researchers led by Jeff Lichtman, the Jeremy R. Knowles Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, has found that just days before birth mice undergo an explosion of neuromuscular branching. At birth, the research showed, some muscle fibers are contacted by as many as 10 nerve cells. Within days, however, all but one of those connections had been pruned away.

"By the time mammals and humans would certainly be included are first coming into the world, when they can do almost nothing, the brain is probably very wired up," Lichtman said. "Through experience, the brain works to select, out of this mass of possible circuits, a very small subsetand everything else that could have been there is gone.

"I don't think anyone suspected that this was taking place I certainly didn't," he continued. "In some simple muscles, every nerve cell branches out and contacts every muscle fiber. That is, the wiring diagram is as diffuse as possible. But by the end, only two weeks later, every muscle fiber is the lifelong partner of a single nerve cell, and 90 percent of the wires have disappeared."

Though researchers, including Lichtman, had shown as early as the 1970's that mice undergo an early developmental period in which target cells including muscle fibers and some neurons are contacted by multiple nerve cells before being reduced to a single connection, those early studies and his current work were hampered by the same problem technological challenges make it difficult to identify individual nerve cells in earlier and earlier stages of life.

And though the use of mice that have been genetically-engineered to express fluorescent protein molecules in nerve cells has made it easier for researchers to identify nerve cells, it remains challenging to study early stages of development because the fluorescent labeling in the finest nerve cell wires often becomes so weak as to be invisible.

"We typically begin studying these mice at about a week after birth, but as we began to look at earlier and earlier stages, the fluorescent color was coming up ever more weakly," Lichtman said. "If you went from post-natal day seven to post-natal day four, there were very few labeled cells. And if you went to post-natal day zero, there were none."

Eventually, he said, J.D. Wylie, one of the lead authors, took a new idea using antibodies to label nerve cells and a bit of luck for the research to pay off.

"We were just very lucky that one of the first animals we looked at, we saw a labeled axon," Lichtman said. "Once we saw it, I knew it was just a matter of time until we got another, but it wasn't until J.D. did 50 more than we found it, so to get the 20 or so examples we have, thousands of mice had to be looked at. Had we not seen that first one, I think we might have given up on this. It took a lot of effort and work, but it showed something that we've never seen before, which is a remarkable amount of connectivity."

Simply identify the axons, however, was only the first step.

To fully understand how widely diffuse the branching becomes early on, researchers had to count how many different nerve cells were contacting muscle fibers. To accomplish that feat, Juan Carlos Tapia, the other lead author used a new technique the lab had developed for serial electron microscopy that allowed him to capture images of as many as 10 axons connecting to a single muscle fiber.

After reaching its peak at birth, researchers found the branching was quickly pruned back, until just a single nerve axon remains connected to each muscle fiber. Though there isn't a definitive answer to what is driving that pruning process, Lichtman said there is strong suggestive evidence that points to experience.

"We think that experience must be the engine that allows some branches to survive and the vast majority to disappear," he said. "If this were a stereotypical developmental program, you might imagine that it might trim off whole parts of the arbor, but when you look at where the ten percent of surviving branches are located, you see the arbor extends over the same area, it simply has fewer branches. It has chosen, at the terminal level, which branches to keep and which not to."

In future studies, Lichtman plans to study how those decisions are made, work that could potentially lead to insight into a number of disorders, including autism.

"That is one theory people have talked about, whether autism could be a disorder where connections that should have been trimmed back weren't, and as a result stimuli are much more intense than they should be," he said. "There are stories about children with autism spectrum disorders who cannot run in their bare feet on grass, because it's just too painful."

Ultimately, Lichtman said, the paper spotlights the unique developmental strategy undertaken by all mammals, including humans.

"This is a strategy to generate a nervous system that is tuned to the world it finds itself in," Lichtman said. "Interestingly, this is not the predominant strategy of nervous systems on the planet. Most animals insects for example come into the world knowing, based on their genetic heritage, exactly how to behave.

"It seems like a paradox why would the best brains seem to be the most backward, and take the longest to figure out how to do things?" he asked. "Rather than allowing our genes to tyrannize our behavior, we more than any other animal are under the tyranny of the environment we find ourselves in. If you start with a nervous system that allows for any wiring diagram, you need only choose the right option for a particular environment. That's why humans today are behaving differently than our grandparents, and our grandparents are different from people 1,000 years ago, or 10,000 years ago. Whereas a fruit fly today and a fruit fly 1,000 years ago are probably behaving the same way"

###



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Peter Reuell
preuell@fas.harvard.edu
617-496-8070
Harvard University

Research shows mice brains are 'very wired up' at birth, and suggests experience selects which connections to keep

Ask the average person the street how the brain develops, and they'll likely tell you that the brain's wiring is built as newborns first begin to experience the world. With more experience, those connections are strengthened, and new branches are built as they learn and grow.

A new study conducted in a Harvard lab, however, suggests that just the opposite is true.

As reported on June 7 in the journal Neuron, a team of researchers led by Jeff Lichtman, the Jeremy R. Knowles Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, has found that just days before birth mice undergo an explosion of neuromuscular branching. At birth, the research showed, some muscle fibers are contacted by as many as 10 nerve cells. Within days, however, all but one of those connections had been pruned away.

"By the time mammals and humans would certainly be included are first coming into the world, when they can do almost nothing, the brain is probably very wired up," Lichtman said. "Through experience, the brain works to select, out of this mass of possible circuits, a very small subsetand everything else that could have been there is gone.

"I don't think anyone suspected that this was taking place I certainly didn't," he continued. "In some simple muscles, every nerve cell branches out and contacts every muscle fiber. That is, the wiring diagram is as diffuse as possible. But by the end, only two weeks later, every muscle fiber is the lifelong partner of a single nerve cell, and 90 percent of the wires have disappeared."

Though researchers, including Lichtman, had shown as early as the 1970's that mice undergo an early developmental period in which target cells including muscle fibers and some neurons are contacted by multiple nerve cells before being reduced to a single connection, those early studies and his current work were hampered by the same problem technological challenges make it difficult to identify individual nerve cells in earlier and earlier stages of life.

And though the use of mice that have been genetically-engineered to express fluorescent protein molecules in nerve cells has made it easier for researchers to identify nerve cells, it remains challenging to study early stages of development because the fluorescent labeling in the finest nerve cell wires often becomes so weak as to be invisible.

"We typically begin studying these mice at about a week after birth, but as we began to look at earlier and earlier stages, the fluorescent color was coming up ever more weakly," Lichtman said. "If you went from post-natal day seven to post-natal day four, there were very few labeled cells. And if you went to post-natal day zero, there were none."

Eventually, he said, J.D. Wylie, one of the lead authors, took a new idea using antibodies to label nerve cells and a bit of luck for the research to pay off.

"We were just very lucky that one of the first animals we looked at, we saw a labeled axon," Lichtman said. "Once we saw it, I knew it was just a matter of time until we got another, but it wasn't until J.D. did 50 more than we found it, so to get the 20 or so examples we have, thousands of mice had to be looked at. Had we not seen that first one, I think we might have given up on this. It took a lot of effort and work, but it showed something that we've never seen before, which is a remarkable amount of connectivity."

Simply identify the axons, however, was only the first step.

To fully understand how widely diffuse the branching becomes early on, researchers had to count how many different nerve cells were contacting muscle fibers. To accomplish that feat, Juan Carlos Tapia, the other lead author used a new technique the lab had developed for serial electron microscopy that allowed him to capture images of as many as 10 axons connecting to a single muscle fiber.

After reaching its peak at birth, researchers found the branching was quickly pruned back, until just a single nerve axon remains connected to each muscle fiber. Though there isn't a definitive answer to what is driving that pruning process, Lichtman said there is strong suggestive evidence that points to experience.

"We think that experience must be the engine that allows some branches to survive and the vast majority to disappear," he said. "If this were a stereotypical developmental program, you might imagine that it might trim off whole parts of the arbor, but when you look at where the ten percent of surviving branches are located, you see the arbor extends over the same area, it simply has fewer branches. It has chosen, at the terminal level, which branches to keep and which not to."

In future studies, Lichtman plans to study how those decisions are made, work that could potentially lead to insight into a number of disorders, including autism.

"That is one theory people have talked about, whether autism could be a disorder where connections that should have been trimmed back weren't, and as a result stimuli are much more intense than they should be," he said. "There are stories about children with autism spectrum disorders who cannot run in their bare feet on grass, because it's just too painful."

Ultimately, Lichtman said, the paper spotlights the unique developmental strategy undertaken by all mammals, including humans.

"This is a strategy to generate a nervous system that is tuned to the world it finds itself in," Lichtman said. "Interestingly, this is not the predominant strategy of nervous systems on the planet. Most animals insects for example come into the world knowing, based on their genetic heritage, exactly how to behave.

"It seems like a paradox why would the best brains seem to be the most backward, and take the longest to figure out how to do things?" he asked. "Rather than allowing our genes to tyrannize our behavior, we more than any other animal are under the tyranny of the environment we find ourselves in. If you start with a nervous system that allows for any wiring diagram, you need only choose the right option for a particular environment. That's why humans today are behaving differently than our grandparents, and our grandparents are different from people 1,000 years ago, or 10,000 years ago. Whereas a fruit fly today and a fruit fly 1,000 years ago are probably behaving the same way"

###



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Different Exotic Pets For Sale You Can Choose From ? Yapperz ...

So just do it? make that all important purchase to your pet quickly and start a new journey of emotions, feelings and passions with all your pets.
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Exotic pets for sale are available in large numbers. The animal kingdom is filled with a whole lot of exotic animals but not these can be a good fit in your case. You need to to consider a lot of factors to help you rightfully decide on which type of exotic pet you?re about to have at home.

Exotic pets available add a twist to your way people care for animals in the comforts of their own homes. These animals are really unique, which is why they are considered good to have for individuals that are tired and bored of having cats and dogs at home. Exotic pets that are for sale nowadays are unusual or rare. This may sound scary but these animals are really nice to own as companions at home. These specifically refer to animals which can be not really wild in nature. Such exotic pets share beautiful relationships using humans.

Now, this may start to get you excited about experiencing these unique pets at home but you might want to remember that there are certain laws governing the ownership these animals at home. You might want to consider such laws and see to it that they don?t not in favor of the act owning the type of animals that you want to take home with people. Aside from state laws and regulations, you also need to run through the things that the exotic animal that you like to have, needs to survive past its natural habitat. Exotic animals differ for a really huge extent with regard to the things that they need to grow and develop so you have to be certain that such materials are present in your community so as to easily provide them for a pet.

Let?s examine a list of different exotic pets for sale which you could possibly choose from. If you?re fond of birds, cockatoos are first among the options which you could consider having. These types of exotic birds have lots of similarities with parrots. Following in line are cockatiels. These are smaller versions of cockatoos. Cockatiels are native to Australia. With regard to rodents, guinea pigs are considered as the standard animals to have. Guinea pigs are native on the Andes. They require careful handling so that they can make good pets at home. Hamsters specifically golden hamsters are also considered a pristine choice by many.

African dormice are considered good to get if you?re interested in coping with rodents at home. These pet classifieds animals are very similar to squirrels. A good tip to remember when choosing African dormice as exotic pets is that you need to always keep them with groups.

In contrast, if you want to address mammals at home, ferrets are among the best choices you can use. These exotic animals are generally found in New Zealand. Ferrets require training while they?re still for a young age.

Whatever the type of exotic pet which you want to have at home, you need to get ready for the responsibility of coping with one. Taking care of exotic pets is not really a joke and you should never jump to your choice of having one immediately.
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