Tough gel stretches to 21 times its length, recoils, and heals itself: Biocompatible material much tougher than cartilage

ScienceDaily (Sep. 5, 2012) ? A team of experts in mechanics, materials science, and tissue engineering at Harvard has created an extremely stretchy and tough gel that may pave the way to replacing damaged cartilage in human joints.

Called a hydrogel, because its main ingredient is water, the new material is a hybrid of two weak gels that combine to create something much stronger. Not only can this new gel stretch to 21 times its original length, but it is also exceptionally tough, self-healing, and biocompatible -- a valuable collection of attributes that opens up new opportunities in medicine and tissue engineering.

The material, its properties, and a simple method of synthesis are described in the September 6 issue of Nature.

"Conventional hydrogels are very weak and brittle -- imagine a spoon breaking through jelly," explains lead author Jeong-Yun Sun, a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). "But because they are water-based and biocompatible, people would like to use them for some very challenging applications like artificial cartilage or spinal disks. For a gel to work in those settings, it has to be able to stretch and expand under compression and tension without breaking."

Sun and his coauthors were led by three faculty members: Zhigang Suo, Allen E. and Marilyn M. Puckett Professor of Mechanics and Materials at SEAS and a Kavli Scholar at the Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology at Harvard; Joost J. Vlassak, Gordon McKay Professor of Materials Engineering and an Area Dean at SEAS; and David J. Mooney, Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS and a Core Faculty Member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard.

To create the tough new hydrogel, they combined two common polymers. The primary component is polyacrylamide, known for its use in soft contact lenses and as the electrophoresis gel that separates DNA fragments in biology labs; the second component is alginate, a seaweed extract that is frequently used to thicken food.

Separately, these gels are both quite weak -- alginate, for instance, can stretch to only 1.2 times its length before it breaks. Combined in an 8:1 ratio, however, the two polymers form a complex network of crosslinked chains that reinforce one another. The chemical structure of this network allows the molecules to pull apart very slightly over a large area instead of allowing the gel to crack.

The alginate portion of the gel consists of polymer chains that form weak ionic bonds with one another, capturing calcium ions (added to the water) in the process. When the gel is stretched, some of these bonds between chains break -- or "unzip," as the researchers put it -- releasing the calcium. As a result, the gel expands slightly, but the polymer chains themselves remain intact. Meanwhile, the polyacrylamide chains form a grid-like structure that bonds covalently (very tightly) with the alginate chains.

Therefore, if the gel acquires a tiny crack as it stretches, the polyacrylamide grid helps to spread the pulling force over a large area, tugging on the alginate's ionic bonds and unzipping them here and there. The research team showed that even with a huge crack, a critically large hole, the hybrid gel can still stretch to 17 times its initial length.

Importantly, the new hydrogel is capable of maintaining its elasticity and toughness over multiple stretches. Provided the gel has some time to relax between stretches, the ionic bonds between the alginate and the calcium can "re-zip," and the researchers have shown that this process can be accelerated by raising the ambient temperature.

The group's combined expertise in mechanics, materials science, and bioengineering enabled the group to apply two concepts from mechanics -- crack bridging and energy dissipation -- to a new problem.

"The unusually high stretchability and toughness of this gel, along with recovery, are exciting," says Suo. "Now that we've demonstrated that this is possible, we can use it as a model system for studying the mechanics of hydrogels further, and explore various applications."

"It's very promising," Suo adds.

Beyond artificial cartilage, the researchers suggest that the new hydrogel could be used in soft robotics, optics, artificial muscle, as a tough protective covering for wounds, or "any other place where we need hydrogels of high stretchability and high toughness."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Jeong-Yun Sun, Xuanhe Zhao, Widusha R. K. Illeperuma, Ovijit Chaudhuri, Kyu Hwan Oh, David J. Mooney, Joost J. Vlassak, Zhigang Suo. Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels. Nature, 2012; 489 (7414): 133 DOI: 10.1038/nature11409

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/H-0xbKmBwT8/120905134914.htm

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RoMOS is Russia's take on Android OS, shields users from Google's prying eyes

RoMOS is Russia's take on Android OS, promises to shield users from Google's prying eyes

Whether it be Google's penchant for collecting search and browsing histories or Street View WiFi information, the company is no stranger to concerns about its healthy appetite for user data. Apparently, Russia also shares those worries as the country has produced its own take on the Android operating system minus Google's data collection. Unveiled at IFA in Berlin, the Russian Mobile Operating System or RoMOS reportedly mimics the look and feel of Android and works with Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System. The OS is scheduled to debut in tablet form by the end of the year, though RoMOS' project manager says it can serve as a smartphone operating system, too. The main customers for RoMOS will reportedly be the country's military, which has always had concerns about data collected by Google from Russian devices falling into US government hands. In addition to a military version of the RoMOS tablet, a consumer version will be launched as well. Just don't expect the variant for the hoi polloi to have the same bells and whistles. The military version, for example, not only will be waterproof -- it'll be shock proof, too.

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RoMOS is Russia's take on Android OS, shields users from Google's prying eyes originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 04 Sep 2012 20:23:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Lincoln Trailer to Debut on Google

'Lincoln' trailer premiere -- Google + hangout

The theatrical trailer for Steven Spielberg's highly anticipated Lincoln will debut ?at 7 p.m. Eastern Time on Sept. 13 ?during a Google + Hangout with the director and actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who plays Robert Todd Lincoln.

Dreamworks Pictures and Google Play announced today?that the trailer for the film, which stars Daniel Day-Lewis as the 16th President of the United States, will be the first to launch during a Google + Hangout, which will be broadcast live on the ABC SuperSign in New York City's Times Square.

The event, which allows people to connect face-to-face-to-face via group video chat,?will also feature a live conversation with Spielberg and Gordon-Levitt. ?The film is slated for a Nov. 16 release.

Fans interested in participating are asked to upload a short video to their own YouTube channel with the #LincolnHangout tag explaining who they are, why they are interested in Lincoln and what they would like to ask Spielberg and Gordon-Levitt about the film. ?(The link above explains more about submissions.)

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Source: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1925831/news/1925831/

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Quebec separatist party may return to power

Parti Quebecois Leader Pauline Marois casts her ballot in Beaupre, Quebec, Canada, on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012. Voters in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as polls opened Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected. Quebec has held two referendums to split from Canada, in 1980 and 1995, the last narrowly rejecting independence. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Jacques Boissinot)

Parti Quebecois Leader Pauline Marois casts her ballot in Beaupre, Quebec, Canada, on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012. Voters in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as polls opened Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected. Quebec has held two referendums to split from Canada, in 1980 and 1995, the last narrowly rejecting independence. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Jacques Boissinot)

Voters make their way to cast their ballots in L'Assomption, Quebec, Canada, on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012. Voters in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as polls opened Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected. Quebec has held two referendums to split from Canada, in 1980 and 1995, the last narrowly rejecting independence. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Sean Kilpatrick )

Quebec Liberal Party Leader Jean Charest salutes supporters as he campaigns at a riding office in Montreal on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012. Voters in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as polls opened Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected. Charest, who has headed Quebec for nearly a decade, has consistently trailed in the polls to Pauline Marois' Parti Quebecois since he called an early election on Aug. 1. Quebec has held two referendums to split from Canada, in 1980 and 1995, the last narrowly rejecting independence. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Ryan Remiorz)

Coalition Avenir Quebec Leader Francois Legault votes in L'Assomption, Quebec, Canada on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2012. Voters in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as polls opened Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Ryan Remiorz)

(AP) ? People in Quebec weighed returning a separatist party to power as they voted Tuesday in the French-speaking province, which could edge toward another referendum to break away from Canada if the Parti Quebecois ends nearly a decade of Liberal rule as expected.

Liberal leader Jean Charest, who has headed Quebec for nearly a decade, has consistently trailed in the polls to Pauline Marois' Parti Quebecois since he called an early election on Aug. 1. But most polls indicate Marois ? who could become the province's first female premier ? will not have enough votes to obtain a majority of the seats in the Quebec Assembly, undermining efforts to quickly hold a referendum on separation.

Quebec has held two referendums to split from Canada, in 1980 and 1995, the last narrowly rejecting independence.

Polls show there's little appetite for a new referendum and Marois herself has left much uncertainty about if and when one would be held under a PQ government. A recent poll showed support for independence under 30 percent, but analysts say voters are weary of the Liberals after three terms in office.

Quebec voters became tired of the Liberal party after corruption allegations surfaced against the party and student protests erupted this spring, said Bruce Hicks, a political science professor at Concordia University in Montreal.

"Quebecers tend to tire of the government and throw them out," he said. "It's sort of been the tradition in Quebec politics."

Some 5.9 million people were registered to vote in some of the province's 20,000 polling stations, but nearly a million of them had already done so in advance voting.

Voters elect representatives for seats in Quebec's?125 districts, a single party needs to obtain 63 seats to form a majority. Without a majority a party will need to form a coalition to govern.

When the legislature was dissolved the Liberals held 64 seats and the PQ 47 with?other parties and independents dividing the rest of the seats. One seat was vacant.

"This could be a historic day as we could elect a first woman head of state in Quebec," Marois said before voting.

More autonomy for Quebec is high on the agenda for the PQ, which has said it would seek a transfer of powers from the federal government in areas like employment insurance and immigration policy. If those measures are rejected, the party believes it would have a stronger case for independence.

Visiting a candidate's constituency office north of Montreal, a crucial battle zone, Charest said Tuesday that Quebec's electors had to choose between "stability, jobs and the economy and those who would propose referendums and instability."

The campaign has been a three-way race involving a new party, Coalition Avenir Quebec, headed by former PQ minister Francois Legault, who says the separation issue has paralyzed the province for far too long.

Entering his polling station to vote, Legault said he was confident of the day's results. "This is a historic day, a new era is beginning," he said, adding it was time to "put aside disagreements on referendums and begin a new change, a cleanup and re-launch of Quebec."

Charest called the election more than a year before he had to, citing unrest in the streets due to this spring's student protests over tuition hikes. The most sustained student protests ever to take place in Canada began in February, resulting in about 2,500 arrests.

Polls showed the Quebecois were more likely to side with the government on the need for a tuition hike, but they were divided on an emergency law brought in place to limit demonstrations. Politicians and rights groups have said the legislation restricts the right to demonstrate.?

Education was hardly a major topic during the campaign. Charest sought to focus voters on the need to maintain a stable government promoting job creation during troubled global economic times, instead of electing separatists who would create uncertainty. He stressed his province has largely been spared the economic hardships seen elsewhere in the West.

Charest has notably touted a northern development plan, the Plan Nord, which his party says would see $80 billion in public and private investment over the next 25 years in areas such as mining and energy, creating thousands of jobs annually and benefiting the entire province.

But Marois says the companies doing business wouldn't pay enough royalties. Legault said foreign companies mostly stood to benefit from the project.

Both PQ and the Liberals said they would make it harder for foreign companies to take over Canadian entities, an issue brought to the fore as North Carolina-based Lowe's seeks to take over Quebec-based hardware chain Rona.

Critics say Charest called the snap vote to avoid any embarrassment from an ongoing corruption inquiry into the province's construction industry, which is expected to resume after a summer break and has been largely overshadowed by the student protests.

But Hicks, the political scientist, still considers the election "up for grabs" considering the number of people who remain uncertain about how they will vote.?

Two-thirds of Quebec voters want nothing to do with sovereignty, Hicks says. But even if it doesn't come to a new referendum, the election of a PQ government would make for tense relations with the federal government and a conservative prime minister who has difficulty appealing to the Quebecois.

"At the very least the rhetoric is going to increase but I suspect tensions and conflict will rise as well," he says

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2012-09-04-Canada-Quebec%20Election/id-e453df713c8748e588997552e345518f

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Klaszus: Churches slow to change views on gays

Ten years ago, I moved to Calgary, bought a bus pass and began journalism school in a new and terrifying city. The anniversary of this move has made me somewhat reflective, thinking back on a decade of opportunities and successes, failures and regrets.

Fittingly, this reflection coincides with Pride Week. One bothersome conversation in particular keeps coming back to me.

A couple years into college, a good friend asked me what I thought about his being gay. I answered honestly: I said that I believed some-thing was wrong with him.

I didn't word it that way. I recall performing some strange contortion act, saying that I didn't think it was wrong for him to be gay per se, but that it would be wrong for him to act out on those urges. (This didn't make a lot of sense, as you can tell.) I'd had it drilled into my head from childhood that same-sex at-traction was perverted and fundamentally wrong. My friend had challenged those views somewhat - so long as you were gay and celibate, all was OK, I thought - but still I believed romantic same-sex relationships were morally indefensible.

Looking back, I believe my position was the indefensible one. I recently wrote to my friend and apologized for what I said during that conversation. He was glad to hear it, graciously acknowledging that we were both conflicted at the time.

Looking at the beliefs of the churches in which I grew up, it's not difficult to understand why I felt as I did. Same-sex relationships were said to "contradict God's purpose for human sexuality" and were "contrary to the will of God."

They were "unnatural." This was black and white with no room for discussion.

These are not fringe views, either. They re-main the stance of most mainstream Christian de-nominations. The Catholic Church describes same-sex attraction as "intrinsically disordered," a problematic description if there ever was one. One of Canada's largest evangelical denominations, the Christian and Missionary Alliance, believes that "God is dishonoured" by gay sexual relationships, which are included in a list of offences alongside incest, pedophilia and bestiality.

As the presidential election draws near in the U.S., there is the usual talk of honouring the institution of marriage. Of course, this conversation isn't at all concerned with the substance of marriages, but whether or not certain Americans are qualified to have such intimate and loving relationships. Paul Ryan has described Mitt Romney as a "defender of marriage." This pleases many who subscribe to the religious views de-scribed above.

But many others find this irksome, including church-goers who struggle to reconcile religious condemnation of gays and lesbians with their spirituality. Officially, they may be affiliated with denominations that exclude people based on sexual orientation (or offer some variation on that tired line of "hate the sin, love the sinner"), but they person-ally find such exclusion abhorrent. An extensive 2011 study by the Public Religion Research Institute in the U.S. found that most American Catholics support gay marriage, a finding that isn't surprising to anyone. This is more significant: 44 per cent of white evangelicals aged 18 to 29 favour gay marriage, compared with 19 per cent of evangelicals overall.

Change is coming. But it's slow and incremental and messy. The church I currently attend is officially affiliated with doctrinal statements on homosexuality that are as appalling as the ones mentioned above. It's a situation unbefitting of a congregation that sees itself as inclusive. The leadership of our community is directly addressing this problem, but it will take time.

These days, it's seemingly open season on the United Church of Canada. The church is vilified because of its recent resolution on Israel. But where other de-nominations have clung to exclusion based on sexual orientation, the United Church has been unashamedly affirming. Its members can look at their church's official statements on sexuality with pride, while others of us look at ours and cringe in embarrassment, hoping for better.

Jeremy Klaszus is a Calgary writer. His column appears every second Monday.

? Copyright (c) The Calgary Herald

Source: http://www.calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/Klaszus+Churches+slow+change+views+gays/7182299/story.html

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Vampire Plague

Vampire Plague

The Volturi, incredibly powerful and cruel Vampires are coming into power, threatening Covens of Vampires to either join them, or die. And soon, alliances of werewolves and vampires come into play. Will the world fall into utter Chaos? (OPEN)

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Real knowledge
is to know the extent
of one's ignorance.

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Haas33
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Hey can I reserve the leader of the Mors coven and the Leader of the voltri's favorite?

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Tonks
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Hey! Can I reserve the female newborn in the Potestas Coven? This is a great roleplay by the way!

Cool story bro'. -Violet

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ItsViolet
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Yes and yes, but Tonks, the volturi leader's favorite is taken by yours truly :) Sorry

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Haas33
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Dang. Um then the a gifted guard?

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Tonks
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Sure. You could be the "Favorite"'s brother though, unless you want to be female. In that case, should I reserve female 1?

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Haas33
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Can I reserve female 1 from the Potestas Coven

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CuteAsKaylah
Member for 1 years


Mhmm. I just did, send it in whenever

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Haas33
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Room To Chat: Windows Phone 8 Tries Its Hand At Group Messaging

roomWindows Phone has done an excellent job with messaging. Mango offered threaded messages to users, allowing you to convert from a Facebook chat, SMS, and Windows Live messenger all from the same conversation window. But in the next iteration of Windows Phone 8, Microsoft will take this to a new level in the mobile OS with a new feature called Room. Room will essentially be a group chat, with the added ability to share content and calendar items.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/SLWQsoxpTuw/

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Tips And Advice For Dealing With Personal Bankruptcy From Long ...

Many individuals who find themselves in a difficult financial situation with a large amount of debt, may be able to benefit and improve their situation, by filing for personal bankruptcy. This article is loaded with tips on filing for personal bankruptcy and will help you decide whether or not filing for bankruptcy is the right thing for you to do.

If you are planning to file for bankruptcy in the near future, don?t charge up your credit cards thinking that you won?t have to pay back the debt. In many states, there are rules about how much credit card debt and what kind, may be discharged in a bankruptcy. For instance, if you make purchases for luxury items, such as an expensive new TV, within 6 months prior to filing, you may be obligated to pay that amount back. On the other hand, if you used your credit card to purchase groceries, or other necessities, the rules may be different. Be sure to ask your attorney for advice.

Remember that certain kinds of debt won?t be discharged even after you have filed for bankruptcy. If you have outstanding student loans, owe child or spousal support, a divorce settlement agreement, or unpaid taxes, you will still be liable for these debts. Also, if you forget to list certain debts on your court documents, you won?t be able to add them in the future.

If you are going through the bankruptcy process, consider buying some books on the subject. Books on bankruptcy will give you the professional advice and guidance that you need to get through the process successfully. If you live near a library, you could borrow some books on the subject instead.

Look into proper timing. You can keep your tax refund even when filing bankruptcy. You have to time it just right to do so. Wait until after your tax form has been processed, and you have received your tax return. One of the sneakiest things that a trustee does is to take an income tax return that debtors rely on. Waiting can keep that money in your pocket.

Bankruptcy Lawyer

Before you meet with a bankruptcy lawyer, make a complete list of all of your assets. Any assets that are not listed in your bankruptcy case can be seized to pay for your debts. Your lawyer needs to see a list of every asset you own to properly advise you on which type of bankruptcy is best for your unique situation, as well as, to protect as many of your assets, as possible.

Have a credit report done before you file for bankruptcy. This will give you a list of debts that you have, and therefore give you a place to start when listing your debts for your bankruptcy filing. Make sure that there are no mistakes on it, and make sure to give it to your bankruptcy lawyer.

Talk to other professionals before talking to a bankruptcy lawyer. Talk to financial advisers and credit counselors to see if bankruptcy is, in fact, your best option. A bankruptcy lawyer has a conflict of interest, so they are less likely to dissuade you from filing for bankruptcy. Finding an impartial, knowledgeable thirty party will give you the complete picture.

Do your research before choosing a bankruptcy lawyer. Take advantage of free consultations, and meet with several different lawyers before picking one to work with. Make sure that you choose an experienced attorney who is knowledgeable about the local laws, the preferences of trustees, and has a good working relationship with local judges.

Filing for personal bankruptcy is a major life decision. Hopefully, armed with the knowledge you have learned from this article, you now know whether or not filing for bankruptcy is the right thing for you to do. Re-read this article several times to learn everything about bankruptcy, and you should be able to improve your financial situation.

Source: http://www.sibensiben.com/long-island-injury-lawyer-blog/uncategorized/tips-and-advic-for-dealing-wth-personal-bankruptcy-from-long-island-bankruptcy-attorneys-siben-siben-llp-1-866-siben-law-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2

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